{
  "name": "Ticks · featured 200",
  "description": "The 200 most-connected moments. Each one stitches together more of the chain than any single thread suggests.",
  "homepage": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/",
  "license": "https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT",
  "ranking": "parents + children desc, then children desc, then yearN asc",
  "count": 200,
  "items": [
    {
      "id": "difference-engine-babbage-concept",
      "name": "Difference Engine (Babbage concept)",
      "year": "1822 AD",
      "yearN": 1822,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "mathematical tables as requiring error-prone human calculation",
      "parents": 24,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 34,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/difference-engine-babbage-concept"
    },
    {
      "id": "unicode-standard-universal-character-encoding",
      "name": "Unicode standard / universal character encoding",
      "year": "1991 AD",
      "yearN": 1991,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "digital text requiring different encoding systems per language",
      "parents": 18,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 32,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/unicode-standard-universal-character-encoding"
    },
    {
      "id": "spontaneous-generation-disproven-redi",
      "name": "Spontaneous generation disproven (Redi)",
      "year": "1668 AD",
      "yearN": 1668,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "living organisms as capable of arising from non-living matter",
      "parents": 20,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 32,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/spontaneous-generation-disproven-redi"
    },
    {
      "id": "descartes-method-of-doubt",
      "name": "Descartes / method of doubt",
      "year": "1641 AD",
      "yearN": 1641,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "mind",
      "constraint": "philosophical certainty as requiring agreement with tradition or authority",
      "parents": 24,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 32,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/descartes-method-of-doubt"
    },
    {
      "id": "turings-universal-machine",
      "name": "Turing's universal machine",
      "year": "1936 AD",
      "yearN": 1936,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "computation as domain-specific",
      "parents": 27,
      "children": 1,
      "connectedness": 29,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/turings-universal-machine"
    },
    {
      "id": "roman-citizenship-universal-civic-identity",
      "name": "Lex Julia / Italian citizenship extended",
      "year": "90 BC",
      "yearN": -90,
      "zone": "classical-empires",
      "domain": "society",
      "constraint": "Roman citizenship as monopoly of the city of Rome",
      "parents": 16,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 28,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/roman-citizenship-universal-civic-identity"
    },
    {
      "id": "king-james-bible-english-language-theology",
      "name": "King James Bible / English language theology",
      "year": "1611 AD",
      "yearN": 1611,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "religion",
      "constraint": "Bible translation as requiring learned clerical specialists to access",
      "parents": 16,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 28,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/king-james-bible-english-language-theology"
    },
    {
      "id": "petition-of-right-habeas-corpus-strengthened",
      "name": "Petition of Right / habeas corpus strengthened",
      "year": "1628 AD",
      "yearN": 1628,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "imprisonment without stated cause as royal prerogative",
      "parents": 18,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 26,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/petition-of-right-habeas-corpus-strengthened"
    },
    {
      "id": "leakeys-olduvai-gorge-discoveries-human-origins-in-africa",
      "name": "Leakey's Olduvai Gorge discoveries / human origins in Africa",
      "year": "1959 AD",
      "yearN": 1959,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "human evolutionary origin as undiscovered or Eurasian",
      "parents": 9,
      "children": 8,
      "connectedness": 25,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/leakeys-olduvai-gorge-discoveries-human-origins-in-africa"
    },
    {
      "id": "emancipation-proclamation",
      "name": "Emancipation Proclamation",
      "year": "1863 AD",
      "yearN": 1863,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "society",
      "constraint": "racial chattel slavery as a permanent constitutional institution in the US",
      "parents": 11,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 25,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/emancipation-proclamation"
    },
    {
      "id": "twitter-microblogging-and-public-real-time-discourse",
      "name": "Twitter / microblogging and public real-time discourse",
      "year": "2006 AD",
      "yearN": 2006,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "public written discourse as requiring editorial infrastructure",
      "parents": 10,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 24,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/twitter-microblogging-and-public-real-time-discourse"
    },
    {
      "id": "luthers-95-theses-reformation",
      "name": "Luther's 95 Theses / Reformation",
      "year": "1517 AD",
      "yearN": 1517,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "religion",
      "constraint": "the Catholic Church's monopoly on Christian religious authority",
      "parents": 12,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 24,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/luthers-95-theses-reformation"
    },
    {
      "id": "blitzkrieg-doctrine-poland-france",
      "name": "Blitzkrieg doctrine (Poland/France)",
      "year": "1939 AD",
      "yearN": 1939,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "war",
      "constraint": "armored advance requiring infantry consolidation before proceeding",
      "parents": 16,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 24,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/blitzkrieg-doctrine-poland-france"
    },
    {
      "id": "alphafold-2-protein-structure-prediction",
      "name": "AlphaFold 2 (protein structure prediction)",
      "year": "2021 AD",
      "yearN": 2021,
      "zone": "ai-era",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "protein structure determination as requiring years of experimental work",
      "parents": 11,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 23,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/alphafold-2-protein-structure-prediction"
    },
    {
      "id": "ico-boom-cryptocurrency-fundraising",
      "name": "ICO boom / cryptocurrency fundraising",
      "year": "2017 AD",
      "yearN": 2017,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "startup fundraising as requiring accredited investors or IPO infrastructure",
      "parents": 15,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 23,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/ico-boom-cryptocurrency-fundraising"
    },
    {
      "id": "champollion-deciphers-hieroglyphics-rosetta-stone",
      "name": "Champollion deciphers hieroglyphics (Rosetta Stone)",
      "year": "1822 AD",
      "yearN": 1822,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "ancient Egyptian writing as permanently unreadable",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 9,
      "connectedness": 22,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/champollion-deciphers-hieroglyphics-rosetta-stone"
    },
    {
      "id": "kidney-dialysis-machine-kolff-artificial-organ",
      "name": "Kidney dialysis machine (Kolff) / artificial organ",
      "year": "1943 AD",
      "yearN": 1943,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "medicine",
      "constraint": "renal failure as inevitably fatal within days or weeks",
      "parents": 8,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 22,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/kidney-dialysis-machine-kolff-artificial-organ"
    },
    {
      "id": "drone-warfare-remotely-piloted-combat",
      "name": "Drone warfare / remotely piloted combat",
      "year": "2001 AD",
      "yearN": 2001,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "war",
      "constraint": "weapons delivery requiring physical pilot presence over target",
      "parents": 10,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 22,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/drone-warfare-remotely-piloted-combat"
    },
    {
      "id": "recombinant-dna-enables-genetically-modified-crops",
      "name": "Recombinant DNA (Cohen-Boyer)",
      "year": "1973 AD",
      "yearN": 1973,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "agriculture",
      "constraint": "genes confined to the species that carries them",
      "parents": 14,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 22,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/recombinant-dna-enables-genetically-modified-crops"
    },
    {
      "id": "epic-of-gilgamesh-first-narrative-literature",
      "name": "Epic of Gilgamesh / first narrative literature",
      "year": "2100 BC",
      "yearN": -2100,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "story as purely oral and ephemeral",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 21,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/epic-of-gilgamesh-first-narrative-literature"
    },
    {
      "id": "chromosomes-as-carriers-of-genes-morgan",
      "name": "Chromosomes as carriers of genes (Morgan)",
      "year": "1910 AD",
      "yearN": 1910,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "genes as abstract units without physical location",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 21,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/chromosomes-as-carriers-of-genes-morgan"
    },
    {
      "id": "youtube-video-democratized",
      "name": "YouTube / video democratized",
      "year": "2005 AD",
      "yearN": 2005,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "art",
      "constraint": "video production and distribution as requiring broadcast infrastructure",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 21,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/youtube-video-democratized"
    },
    {
      "id": "mutation-via-x-rays-muller",
      "name": "Mutation via X-rays (Muller)",
      "year": "1927 AD",
      "yearN": 1927,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "genetic mutation as a random, uncontrollable event",
      "parents": 9,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 21,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/mutation-via-x-rays-muller"
    },
    {
      "id": "dot-com-bubble-and-crash-irrational-exuberance",
      "name": "Dot-com bubble and crash / irrational exuberance",
      "year": "2000 AD",
      "yearN": 2000,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "internet companies as valued on future potential rather than current earnings",
      "parents": 9,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 21,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/dot-com-bubble-and-crash-irrational-exuberance"
    },
    {
      "id": "gpt-3-175b-parameters",
      "name": "GPT-3 (175B parameters)",
      "year": "2020 AD",
      "yearN": 2020,
      "zone": "ai-era",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "language models as narrow task specialists",
      "parents": 9,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 21,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/gpt-3-175b-parameters"
    },
    {
      "id": "frederick-the-greats-oblique-order-tactical-geometry",
      "name": "Frederick the Great's oblique order / tactical geometry",
      "year": "1757 AD",
      "yearN": 1757,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "war",
      "constraint": "linear battlefield tactics as static and symmetrical",
      "parents": 11,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 21,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/frederick-the-greats-oblique-order-tactical-geometry"
    },
    {
      "id": "hollerith-tabulating-machine-us-census",
      "name": "Hollerith tabulating machine / US Census",
      "year": "1890 AD",
      "yearN": 1890,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "census data processing as requiring years of manual calculation",
      "parents": 11,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 21,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/hollerith-tabulating-machine-us-census"
    },
    {
      "id": "market-for-lemons-information-asymmetry-akerlof",
      "name": "Market for lemons / information asymmetry (Akerlof)",
      "year": "1970 AD",
      "yearN": 1970,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "markets as efficiently pricing quality when buyer and seller information differ",
      "parents": 13,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 21,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/market-for-lemons-information-asymmetry-akerlof"
    },
    {
      "id": "ptolemys-coordinate-system",
      "name": "Ptolemy's coordinate system",
      "year": "150 AD",
      "yearN": 150,
      "zone": "classical-empires",
      "domain": "society",
      "constraint": "maps as schematic and non-projectable",
      "parents": 15,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 21,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/ptolemys-coordinate-system"
    },
    {
      "id": "diamond-sutra-first-dated-printed-book",
      "name": "Diamond Sutra / first dated printed book",
      "year": "868 AD",
      "yearN": 868,
      "zone": "post-classical",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "text reproduction as purely manual and therefore slow and error-prone",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 8,
      "connectedness": 20,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/diamond-sutra-first-dated-printed-book"
    },
    {
      "id": "musical-staff-notation-guido-darezzo",
      "name": "Musical staff notation (Guido d'Arezzo)",
      "year": "1025 AD",
      "yearN": 1025,
      "zone": "post-classical",
      "domain": "art",
      "constraint": "music transmission requiring memorization",
      "parents": 10,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 20,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/musical-staff-notation-guido-darezzo"
    },
    {
      "id": "oxford-english-dictionary-completed",
      "name": "Oxford English Dictionary completed",
      "year": "1928 AD",
      "yearN": 1928,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "English vocabulary as comprehensively undocumented",
      "parents": 10,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 20,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/oxford-english-dictionary-completed"
    },
    {
      "id": "rh-factor-discovery-landsteiner-wiener",
      "name": "Rh factor discovery (Landsteiner/Wiener)",
      "year": "1940 AD",
      "yearN": 1940,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "blood compatibility as fully explained by ABO typing",
      "parents": 10,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 20,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/rh-factor-discovery-landsteiner-wiener"
    },
    {
      "id": "justinians-corpus-juris-civilis-roman-law-codified",
      "name": "Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis / Roman law codified",
      "year": "529 AD",
      "yearN": 529,
      "zone": "post-classical",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "Roman legal tradition as fragmented across thousands of incompatible texts",
      "parents": 12,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 20,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/justinians-corpus-juris-civilis-roman-law-codified"
    },
    {
      "id": "saussures-course-in-general-linguistics",
      "name": "Saussure's Course in General Linguistics",
      "year": "1916 AD",
      "yearN": 1916,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "language as a collection of words with meanings",
      "parents": 12,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 20,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/saussures-course-in-general-linguistics"
    },
    {
      "id": "vertical-farming-led-lit-indoor-agriculture",
      "name": "Vertical farming / LED-lit indoor agriculture",
      "year": "2012 AD",
      "yearN": 2012,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "agriculture",
      "constraint": "agriculture as dependent on weather, soil, and geography",
      "parents": 12,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 20,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/vertical-farming-led-lit-indoor-agriculture"
    },
    {
      "id": "arrow-debreu-model-general-equilibrium",
      "name": "Arrow-Debreu model / general equilibrium",
      "year": "1954 AD",
      "yearN": 1954,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "competitive markets' efficiency as an empirical claim rather than proved theorem",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 19,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/arrow-debreu-model-general-equilibrium"
    },
    {
      "id": "arpa-first-email-tomlinson-and-symbol",
      "name": "ARPA / first email (Tomlinson) and @ symbol",
      "year": "1971 AD",
      "yearN": 1971,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "electronic messages as system-specific, not routable between different computers",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 19,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/arpa-first-email-tomlinson-and-symbol"
    },
    {
      "id": "gutenbergs-printing-press",
      "name": "Gutenberg's printing press",
      "year": "1440 AD",
      "yearN": 1440,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "text reproduction requiring manual copying",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 19,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/gutenbergs-printing-press"
    },
    {
      "id": "lockes-two-treatises-natural-rights",
      "name": "Locke's Two Treatises / natural rights",
      "year": "1689 AD",
      "yearN": 1689,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "society",
      "constraint": "political authority as divinely granted to monarchs",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 19,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/lockes-two-treatises-natural-rights"
    },
    {
      "id": "peace-of-westphalia-sovereign-state-system",
      "name": "Peace of Westphalia / sovereign state system",
      "year": "1648 AD",
      "yearN": 1648,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "society",
      "constraint": "European political order as hierarchical (pope/emperor at top)",
      "parents": 11,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 19,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/peace-of-westphalia-sovereign-state-system"
    },
    {
      "id": "schleiden-schwann-cell-theory",
      "name": "Schleiden-Schwann cell theory / all life is cellular",
      "year": "1839 AD",
      "yearN": 1839,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "cells as one curiosity among many tissue forms",
      "parents": 11,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 19,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/schleiden-schwann-cell-theory"
    },
    {
      "id": "braille-system-standardized",
      "name": "Braille system standardized",
      "year": "1837 AD",
      "yearN": 1837,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "written communication inaccessible to people without sight",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 8,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/braille-system-standardized"
    },
    {
      "id": "c-programming-language-ritchie",
      "name": "C programming language (Ritchie)",
      "year": "1972 AD",
      "yearN": 1972,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "systems programming as requiring assembly language",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 8,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/c-programming-language-ritchie"
    },
    {
      "id": "trepanation-skull-drilling",
      "name": "Trepanation (skull drilling)",
      "year": "3,100 BC",
      "yearN": -3100,
      "zone": "settled-world",
      "domain": "medicine",
      "constraint": "the skull as inviolable and impenetrable",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/trepanation-skull-drilling"
    },
    {
      "id": "mesopotamian-clay-tablet-record-keeping",
      "name": "Mesopotamian clay-tablet record-keeping",
      "year": "3,000 BC",
      "yearN": -3000,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "transactions surviving only in living memory",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/mesopotamian-clay-tablet-record-keeping"
    },
    {
      "id": "alphago-zero-self-taught-superhuman-play",
      "name": "AlphaGo Zero / self-taught superhuman play",
      "year": "2017 AD",
      "yearN": 2017,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "superhuman game performance requiring human expert knowledge for training",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/alphago-zero-self-taught-superhuman-play"
    },
    {
      "id": "galvani-bioelectricity",
      "name": "Galvani / bioelectricity",
      "year": "1791 AD",
      "yearN": 1791,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "medicine",
      "constraint": "nerve impulse as mechanical rather than electrical",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/galvani-bioelectricity"
    },
    {
      "id": "first-telephone-call-voice-transmission",
      "name": "First telephone call / voice transmission",
      "year": "1876 AD",
      "yearN": 1876,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "spoken communication requiring physical proximity of speaker and listener",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/first-telephone-call-voice-transmission"
    },
    {
      "id": "genetic-code-fully-cracked",
      "name": "Genetic code fully cracked",
      "year": "1966 AD",
      "yearN": 1966,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "the translation of DNA sequences into proteins as unknown",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/genetic-code-fully-cracked"
    },
    {
      "id": "reverse-transcriptase-temin-baltimore",
      "name": "Reverse transcriptase (Temin/Baltimore)",
      "year": "1970 AD",
      "yearN": 1970,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "RNA-to-DNA information transfer as impossible (central dogma violation)",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/reverse-transcriptase-temin-baltimore"
    },
    {
      "id": "first-illustrated-book-printed-woodcuts",
      "name": "First illustrated book (printed woodcuts)",
      "year": "1461 AD",
      "yearN": 1461,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "art",
      "constraint": "illustrations in books as requiring individual hand copying",
      "parents": 8,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/first-illustrated-book-printed-woodcuts"
    },
    {
      "id": "pcr-polymerase-chain-reaction",
      "name": "PCR (polymerase chain reaction)",
      "year": "1983 AD",
      "yearN": 1983,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "DNA analysis requiring large quantities of starting material",
      "parents": 8,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/pcr-polymerase-chain-reaction"
    },
    {
      "id": "hume-bundle-theory-of-the-self",
      "name": "Hume / bundle theory of the self",
      "year": "1739 AD",
      "yearN": 1739,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "mind",
      "constraint": "the self as a persisting, unified entity",
      "parents": 10,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/hume-bundle-theory-of-the-self"
    },
    {
      "id": "plessy-v-ferguson-separate-but-equal",
      "name": "Plessy v. Ferguson / separate but equal",
      "year": "1896 AD",
      "yearN": 1896,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "the 14th Amendment as prohibiting racial segregation",
      "parents": 12,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 18,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/plessy-v-ferguson-separate-but-equal"
    },
    {
      "id": "collective-fiction",
      "name": "Collective fiction",
      "year": "70,000 BC",
      "yearN": -70000,
      "zone": "cognitive-leap",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "cooperation limited to kin groups (~150 people)",
      "parents": 1,
      "children": 8,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/collective-fiction"
    },
    {
      "id": "venus-figurines-portable-art-tradition",
      "name": "Venus figurines / portable art tradition",
      "year": "25,000 BC",
      "yearN": -25000,
      "zone": "cognitive-leap",
      "domain": "art",
      "constraint": "art as site-specific and immovable",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/venus-figurines-portable-art-tradition"
    },
    {
      "id": "papyrus-scrolls-lightweight-portable-writing-surface",
      "name": "Papyrus scrolls / lightweight portable writing surface",
      "year": "3,000 BC",
      "yearN": -3000,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "durable writing requiring stone or clay tablets",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/papyrus-scrolls-lightweight-portable-writing-surface"
    },
    {
      "id": "akkadian-as-first-lingua-franca",
      "name": "Akkadian as first lingua franca",
      "year": "2000 BC",
      "yearN": -2000,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "international diplomacy as requiring direct linguistic kinship between parties",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/akkadian-as-first-lingua-franca"
    },
    {
      "id": "babylonian-quadratic-equations",
      "name": "Babylonian quadratic equations",
      "year": "1,770 BC",
      "yearN": -1770,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "equations requiring geometric intuition to solve",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/babylonian-quadratic-equations"
    },
    {
      "id": "greek-alphabet-with-vowels",
      "name": "Greek alphabet with vowels",
      "year": "800 BC",
      "yearN": -800,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "reading requiring contextual knowledge to decode",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/greek-alphabet-with-vowels"
    },
    {
      "id": "p-inis-sanskrit-grammar",
      "name": "Pāṇini's Sanskrit grammar",
      "year": "500 BC",
      "yearN": -500,
      "zone": "axial-age",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "language as describable only by example, not rule",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/p-inis-sanskrit-grammar"
    },
    {
      "id": "eratosthenes-earths-circumference-calculated",
      "name": "Eratosthenes / Earth's circumference calculated",
      "year": "250 BC",
      "yearN": -250,
      "zone": "axial-age",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "the Earth's size as unmeasurable without circumnavigation",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/eratosthenes-earths-circumference-calculated"
    },
    {
      "id": "arabic-as-global-language-of-science",
      "name": "Arabic as global language of science",
      "year": "1000 AD",
      "yearN": 1000,
      "zone": "post-classical",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "scientific and philosophical knowledge as accessible only in Greek or Latin",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/arabic-as-global-language-of-science"
    },
    {
      "id": "dartmouth-workshop-ai-as-a-field",
      "name": "Dartmouth Workshop / AI as a field",
      "year": "1956 AD",
      "yearN": 1956,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "mind",
      "constraint": "machine intelligence as science fiction rather than research program",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/dartmouth-workshop-ai-as-a-field"
    },
    {
      "id": "xerox-parc-modern-computing-interface",
      "name": "Xerox PARC / modern computing interface",
      "year": "1973 AD",
      "yearN": 1973,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "computers as interacting through text commands only",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/xerox-parc-modern-computing-interface"
    },
    {
      "id": "world-wide-web-digital-art-and-net-art",
      "name": "World Wide Web / digital art and net art",
      "year": "1993 AD",
      "yearN": 1993,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "art",
      "constraint": "art exhibition as requiring physical gallery presence",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/world-wide-web-digital-art-and-net-art"
    },
    {
      "id": "crispr-cas9-as-genome-editing-tool-doudna-charpentier",
      "name": "CRISPR-Cas9 as genome editing tool (Doudna/Charpentier)",
      "year": "2012 AD",
      "yearN": 2012,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "precise genome editing as requiring complex zinc finger or TALEN proteins",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/crispr-cas9-as-genome-editing-tool-doudna-charpentier"
    },
    {
      "id": "cuneiform-writing",
      "name": "Cuneiform writing",
      "year": "3,400 BC",
      "yearN": -3400,
      "zone": "settled-world",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "memory and record limited to what a human brain holds",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/cuneiform-writing"
    },
    {
      "id": "alphabetic-writing-phoenician",
      "name": "Alphabetic writing (Phoenician)",
      "year": "1050 BC",
      "yearN": -1050,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "writing requiring years of specialist training",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/alphabetic-writing-phoenician"
    },
    {
      "id": "linnaeus-binomial-nomenclature",
      "name": "Linnaeus / binomial nomenclature",
      "year": "1735 AD",
      "yearN": 1735,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "natural history as locally named and regionally incomparable",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/linnaeus-binomial-nomenclature"
    },
    {
      "id": "thalidomide-disaster-drug-safety-regulation",
      "name": "Thalidomide disaster / drug safety regulation",
      "year": "1961 AD",
      "yearN": 1961,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "pharmaceutical approval as based primarily on efficacy evidence",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/thalidomide-disaster-drug-safety-regulation"
    },
    {
      "id": "the-feminine-mystique-betty-friedan",
      "name": "The Feminine Mystique (Betty Friedan)",
      "year": "1963 AD",
      "yearN": 1963,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "women's dissatisfaction as personal failure rather than structural",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/the-feminine-mystique-betty-friedan"
    },
    {
      "id": "dna-sequencing-sanger-method",
      "name": "DNA sequencing (Sanger method)",
      "year": "1977 AD",
      "yearN": 1977,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "reading DNA sequences as prohibitively slow and expensive",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/dna-sequencing-sanger-method"
    },
    {
      "id": "monoclonal-antibodies-targeted-therapy",
      "name": "Monoclonal antibodies / targeted therapy",
      "year": "1984 AD",
      "yearN": 1984,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "antibody production as requiring immunization of whole animals for polyclonal mixtures",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/monoclonal-antibodies-targeted-therapy"
    },
    {
      "id": "falklands-war-precision-strike-lessons",
      "name": "Falklands War / precision strike lessons",
      "year": "1982 AD",
      "yearN": 1982,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "war",
      "constraint": "surface ships as protected against missile attack by point-defense systems",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/falklands-war-precision-strike-lessons"
    },
    {
      "id": "fall-of-the-berlin-wall",
      "name": "Fall of the Berlin Wall",
      "year": "1989 AD",
      "yearN": 1989,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "the globe as divided between two incompatible economic ideologies",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/fall-of-the-berlin-wall"
    },
    {
      "id": "deep-brain-stimulation-fda-approved",
      "name": "Deep brain stimulation (FDA approved)",
      "year": "1997 AD",
      "yearN": 1997,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "medicine",
      "constraint": "Parkinson's tremor as pharmacologically resistant",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/deep-brain-stimulation-fda-approved"
    },
    {
      "id": "mendels-inheritance-rules",
      "name": "Mendel's inheritance rules",
      "year": "1856 AD",
      "yearN": 1856,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "heredity as a continuous blending of parental traits",
      "parents": 9,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/mendels-inheritance-rules"
    },
    {
      "id": "refrigeration-cold-chain",
      "name": "Refrigeration / cold chain",
      "year": "1870 AD",
      "yearN": 1870,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "agriculture",
      "constraint": "food distribution range limited by spoilage time",
      "parents": 9,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/refrigeration-cold-chain"
    },
    {
      "id": "rediscovery-of-mendel-birth-of-genetics",
      "name": "Rediscovery of Mendel / birth of genetics",
      "year": "1900 AD",
      "yearN": 1900,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "hereditary mechanism as continuous and unknowable",
      "parents": 9,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 17,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/rediscovery-of-mendel-birth-of-genetics"
    },
    {
      "id": "gutenbergs-bible-mass-text-production",
      "name": "Gutenberg's Bible / mass text production",
      "year": "1455 AD",
      "yearN": 1455,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "Bible production as requiring months of monastic scribal labor",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/gutenbergs-bible-mass-text-production"
    },
    {
      "id": "holography-gabor",
      "name": "Holography (Gabor)",
      "year": "1947 AD",
      "yearN": 1947,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "photography as recording only light intensity, not phase",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/holography-gabor"
    },
    {
      "id": "rawls-theory-of-justice",
      "name": "Rawls' Theory of Justice",
      "year": "1971 AD",
      "yearN": 1971,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "political philosophy as either utilitarian or natural rights based",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/rawls-theory-of-justice"
    },
    {
      "id": "loom-weaving",
      "name": "Loom weaving",
      "year": "5,000 BC",
      "yearN": -5000,
      "zone": "settled-world",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "fabric production requiring hand-knotting",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/loom-weaving"
    },
    {
      "id": "composite-bow",
      "name": "Composite bow",
      "year": "2,400 BC",
      "yearN": -2400,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "war",
      "constraint": "archery range limited by single-material bow",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/composite-bow"
    },
    {
      "id": "galens-medical-synthesis",
      "name": "Galen's medical synthesis",
      "year": "200 AD",
      "yearN": 200,
      "zone": "classical-empires",
      "domain": "medicine",
      "constraint": "Greek and Roman medical knowledge as fragmented across competing schools",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/galens-medical-synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "symbolic-algebra-notation-diophantus",
      "name": "Symbolic algebra notation (Diophantus)",
      "year": "250 AD",
      "yearN": 250,
      "zone": "classical-empires",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "equations requiring full verbal description",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/symbolic-algebra-notation-diophantus"
    },
    {
      "id": "algebra-al-khwarizmi",
      "name": "Algebra (al-Khwarizmi)",
      "year": "820 AD",
      "yearN": 820,
      "zone": "post-classical",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "equations solvable only case-by-case",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/algebra-al-khwarizmi"
    },
    {
      "id": "cell-theory-hooke-leeuwenhoek",
      "name": "Hooke's Micrographia / 'cell' coined",
      "year": "1665 AD",
      "yearN": 1665,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "medicine",
      "constraint": "living matter as continuous flesh without sub-units",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/cell-theory-hooke-leeuwenhoek"
    },
    {
      "id": "price-mechanism-cantillons-essay",
      "name": "Price mechanism / Cantillon's Essay",
      "year": "1755 AD",
      "yearN": 1755,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "prices as set by tradition, guild, or royal decree rather than supply and demand",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/price-mechanism-cantillons-essay"
    },
    {
      "id": "daltons-atomic-theory-atoms-as-real",
      "name": "Dalton's atomic theory / atoms as real",
      "year": "1808 AD",
      "yearN": 1808,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "atoms as philosophical speculation rather than scientific hypothesis",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/daltons-atomic-theory-atoms-as-real"
    },
    {
      "id": "kelvin-absolute-temperature-thermodynamics",
      "name": "Kelvin absolute temperature / thermodynamics",
      "year": "1848 AD",
      "yearN": 1848,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "temperature scales as having arbitrary zero points",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/kelvin-absolute-temperature-thermodynamics"
    },
    {
      "id": "nietzsche-death-of-god",
      "name": "Nietzsche / death of God",
      "year": "1882 AD",
      "yearN": 1882,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "Western culture's ability to ground meaning and morality in Christianity",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/nietzsche-death-of-god"
    },
    {
      "id": "nuremberg-trials-simultaneous-interpretation",
      "name": "Nuremberg Trials simultaneous interpretation",
      "year": "1945 AD",
      "yearN": 1945,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "multilingual legal proceedings requiring sequential translation",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/nuremberg-trials-simultaneous-interpretation"
    },
    {
      "id": "machine-translation-first-attempts-weaver-memo",
      "name": "Machine translation first attempts (Weaver memo)",
      "year": "1949 AD",
      "yearN": 1949,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "translation as requiring human linguistic knowledge",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/machine-translation-first-attempts-weaver-memo"
    },
    {
      "id": "bert-transfer-learning-for-nlp",
      "name": "BERT / transfer learning for NLP",
      "year": "2018 AD",
      "yearN": 2018,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "NLP models as task-specific and trained from scratch",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/bert-transfer-learning-for-nlp"
    },
    {
      "id": "city-state-governance",
      "name": "City-state governance",
      "year": "3,000 BC",
      "yearN": -3000,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "social order requiring personal authority of a known leader",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/city-state-governance"
    },
    {
      "id": "ugaritic-alphabet-simplified-writing",
      "name": "Ugaritic alphabet / simplified writing",
      "year": "1400 BC",
      "yearN": -1400,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "Phoenician consonantal script as limited to Semitic languages",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/ugaritic-alphabet-simplified-writing"
    },
    {
      "id": "wycliffe-bible-vernacular-scripture",
      "name": "Wycliffe Bible / vernacular scripture",
      "year": "1380 AD",
      "yearN": 1380,
      "zone": "post-classical",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "Christian scripture accessible only in Latin",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/wycliffe-bible-vernacular-scripture"
    },
    {
      "id": "metropolitan-police-professional-police-force",
      "name": "Metropolitan Police / professional police force",
      "year": "1829 AD",
      "yearN": 1829,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "public order maintained only by military or private means",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/metropolitan-police-professional-police-force"
    },
    {
      "id": "colt-revolver-repeating-firearms",
      "name": "Colt revolver / repeating firearms",
      "year": "1836 AD",
      "yearN": 1836,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "war",
      "constraint": "firearm advantage negated by slow reloading",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/colt-revolver-repeating-firearms"
    },
    {
      "id": "kierkegaard-existential-anxiety-and-choice",
      "name": "Kierkegaard / existential anxiety and choice",
      "year": "1843 AD",
      "yearN": 1843,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "philosophy as addressing universal reason rather than individual existence",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/kierkegaard-existential-anxiety-and-choice"
    },
    {
      "id": "rogets-thesaurus-organized-vocabulary",
      "name": "Roget's Thesaurus / organized vocabulary",
      "year": "1852 AD",
      "yearN": 1852,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "finding the right word as a purely mnemonic challenge",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/rogets-thesaurus-organized-vocabulary"
    },
    {
      "id": "rabies-vaccine-pasteur-first-viral-vaccine",
      "name": "Rabies vaccine (Pasteur / first viral vaccine)",
      "year": "1885 AD",
      "yearN": 1885,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "medicine",
      "constraint": "viral disease as having no vaccine option",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/rabies-vaccine-pasteur-first-viral-vaccine"
    },
    {
      "id": "antibiotic-resistance-first-observed-penicillin",
      "name": "Antibiotic resistance first observed (penicillin)",
      "year": "1950 AD",
      "yearN": 1950,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "antibiotics as permanently effective against susceptible bacteria",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/antibiotic-resistance-first-observed-penicillin"
    },
    {
      "id": "dartmouth-conference-ai-named-and-founded",
      "name": "Dartmouth conference / AI named and founded",
      "year": "1956 AD",
      "yearN": 1956,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "machine intelligence as science fiction rather than a research program",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/dartmouth-conference-ai-named-and-founded"
    },
    {
      "id": "roe-v-wade-abortion-rights",
      "name": "Roe v. Wade / abortion rights",
      "year": "1973 AD",
      "yearN": 1973,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "abortion regulation as entirely within state discretion",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/roe-v-wade-abortion-rights"
    },
    {
      "id": "endorphins-endogenous-opioids-discovered",
      "name": "Endorphins / endogenous opioids discovered",
      "year": "1975 AD",
      "yearN": 1975,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "pain relief as requiring external chemical intervention",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/endorphins-endogenous-opioids-discovered"
    },
    {
      "id": "pyramid-construction",
      "name": "Pyramid construction",
      "year": "2,600 BC",
      "yearN": -2600,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "art",
      "constraint": "monumental architecture as impossible for human labor",
      "parents": 8,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/pyramid-construction"
    },
    {
      "id": "mendels-laws-of-heredity",
      "name": "Mendel's laws of heredity",
      "year": "1866 AD",
      "yearN": 1866,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "inheritance as blending and therefore always averaging",
      "parents": 8,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/mendels-laws-of-heredity"
    },
    {
      "id": "wundts-experimental-psychology-laboratory",
      "name": "Wundt's experimental psychology laboratory",
      "year": "1879 AD",
      "yearN": 1879,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "mind",
      "constraint": "psychology as philosophical speculation rather than empirical science",
      "parents": 8,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/wundts-experimental-psychology-laboratory"
    },
    {
      "id": "first-nuclear-electricity-generation",
      "name": "First nuclear electricity generation",
      "year": "1951 AD",
      "yearN": 1951,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "electricity generation requiring combustion",
      "parents": 8,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/first-nuclear-electricity-generation"
    },
    {
      "id": "amazon-com-e-commerce-and-platform-economics",
      "name": "Amazon.com / e-commerce and platform economics",
      "year": "1994 AD",
      "yearN": 1994,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "retail transactions as requiring physical co-presence of buyer and seller",
      "parents": 8,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/amazon-com-e-commerce-and-platform-economics"
    },
    {
      "id": "microfinance-grameen-bank-model-global-spread",
      "name": "Microfinance / Grameen Bank model global spread",
      "year": "2005 AD",
      "yearN": 2005,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "small-scale entrepreneurship in developing countries as requiring conventional bank credit",
      "parents": 8,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/microfinance-grameen-bank-model-global-spread"
    },
    {
      "id": "vatican-ii-catholic-churchs-modernization",
      "name": "Vatican II / Catholic Church's modernization",
      "year": "1962 AD",
      "yearN": 1962,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "religion",
      "constraint": "the Catholic Church's stance toward modernity as primarily hostile",
      "parents": 10,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/vatican-ii-catholic-churchs-modernization"
    },
    {
      "id": "aids-crisis-death-activism-and-drug-approval-reform",
      "name": "AIDS crisis / death, activism, and drug approval reform",
      "year": "1981 AD",
      "yearN": 1981,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "society",
      "constraint": "FDA drug approval as immune to patient advocacy influence",
      "parents": 10,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/aids-crisis-death-activism-and-drug-approval-reform"
    },
    {
      "id": "big-bang-financial-deregulation-london",
      "name": "Big Bang / financial deregulation (London)",
      "year": "1986 AD",
      "yearN": 1986,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "London's Stock Exchange as a gentlemen's club with fixed commissions",
      "parents": 10,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/big-bang-financial-deregulation-london"
    },
    {
      "id": "wwi-chemical-weapons-chlorine-mustard-gas",
      "name": "WWI chemical weapons (chlorine/mustard gas)",
      "year": "1915 AD",
      "yearN": 1915,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "war",
      "constraint": "area denial requiring physical fortification",
      "parents": 12,
      "children": 2,
      "connectedness": 16,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/wwi-chemical-weapons-chlorine-mustard-gas"
    },
    {
      "id": "recursive-language",
      "name": "Recursive language",
      "year": "70,000 BC",
      "yearN": -70000,
      "zone": "cognitive-leap",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "communication limited to immediate reality",
      "parents": 1,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/recursive-language"
    },
    {
      "id": "sumerian-writing-first-literature",
      "name": "Sumerian writing / first literature",
      "year": "3200 BC",
      "yearN": -3200,
      "zone": "settled-world",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "human experience and narrative as transmitted only orally",
      "parents": 1,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/sumerian-writing-first-literature"
    },
    {
      "id": "sumerian-number-system-sexagesimal",
      "name": "Sumerian number system (sexagesimal)",
      "year": "3,200 BC",
      "yearN": -3200,
      "zone": "settled-world",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "counting beyond small numbers without a positional system",
      "parents": 1,
      "children": 7,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/sumerian-number-system-sexagesimal"
    },
    {
      "id": "cave-painting-symbolic-art",
      "name": "Cave painting / symbolic art",
      "year": "40,000 BC",
      "yearN": -40000,
      "zone": "cognitive-leap",
      "domain": "art",
      "constraint": "knowledge transfer limited to direct demonstration",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/cave-painting-symbolic-art"
    },
    {
      "id": "shamanism-first-religious-specialists",
      "name": "Shamanism / first religious specialists",
      "year": "30,000 BC",
      "yearN": -30000,
      "zone": "cognitive-leap",
      "domain": "religion",
      "constraint": "spiritual mediation as open to any group member",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/shamanism-first-religious-specialists"
    },
    {
      "id": "the-wheel",
      "name": "The wheel",
      "year": "3,500 BC",
      "yearN": -3500,
      "zone": "settled-world",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "load transport requiring human or animal carrying",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/the-wheel"
    },
    {
      "id": "siege-warfare-formalized-assyrian",
      "name": "Siege warfare formalized (Assyrian)",
      "year": "700 BC",
      "yearN": -700,
      "zone": "axial-age",
      "domain": "war",
      "constraint": "fortified cities as effectively unconquerable",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/siege-warfare-formalized-assyrian"
    },
    {
      "id": "archimedes-statics-and-buoyancy",
      "name": "Archimedes / statics and buoyancy",
      "year": "250 BC",
      "yearN": -250,
      "zone": "axial-age",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "physical phenomena as describable only qualitatively",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/archimedes-statics-and-buoyancy"
    },
    {
      "id": "paper-cai-lun-han-dynasty",
      "name": "Paper (Cai Lun, Han Dynasty)",
      "year": "105 AD",
      "yearN": 105,
      "zone": "classical-empires",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "writing requiring expensive or heavy materials",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/paper-cai-lun-han-dynasty"
    },
    {
      "id": "avicennas-floating-man-pure-self-awareness",
      "name": "Avicenna's floating man / pure self-awareness",
      "year": "1040 AD",
      "yearN": 1040,
      "zone": "post-classical",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "self-knowledge as requiring sensory or bodily experience",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/avicennas-floating-man-pure-self-awareness"
    },
    {
      "id": "aquinas-synthesis-faith-and-reason",
      "name": "Aquinas' synthesis / faith and reason",
      "year": "1270 AD",
      "yearN": 1270,
      "zone": "post-classical",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy as incompatible",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/aquinas-synthesis-faith-and-reason"
    },
    {
      "id": "diplomatic-correspondence-in-italian-lingua-franca",
      "name": "Diplomatic correspondence in Italian (lingua franca)",
      "year": "1600 AD",
      "yearN": 1600,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "diplomacy requiring Latin fluency",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/diplomatic-correspondence-in-italian-lingua-franca"
    },
    {
      "id": "newtons-calculus-mathematics-of-change",
      "name": "Newton's calculus / mathematics of change",
      "year": "1687 AD",
      "yearN": 1687,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "continuous change as undescribable by existing mathematics",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/newtons-calculus-mathematics-of-change"
    },
    {
      "id": "graph-theory-euler-k-nigsberg-bridges",
      "name": "Graph theory (Euler / Königsberg bridges)",
      "year": "1736 AD",
      "yearN": 1736,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "network problems as geometric rather than topological",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/graph-theory-euler-k-nigsberg-bridges"
    },
    {
      "id": "braille-system-invented",
      "name": "Braille system invented",
      "year": "1824 AD",
      "yearN": 1824,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "text access requiring sighted reading",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/braille-system-invented"
    },
    {
      "id": "penny-press-mass-market-newspaper",
      "name": "Penny press (mass-market newspaper)",
      "year": "1833 AD",
      "yearN": 1833,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "newspapers affordable only by the wealthy",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/penny-press-mass-market-newspaper"
    },
    {
      "id": "babbages-analytical-engine-first-computer-design",
      "name": "Babbage's Analytical Engine / first computer design",
      "year": "1837 AD",
      "yearN": 1837,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "calculation as requiring human mental operation",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/babbages-analytical-engine-first-computer-design"
    },
    {
      "id": "maxwells-equations-unified-electromagnetism",
      "name": "Maxwell's equations / unified electromagnetism",
      "year": "1865 AD",
      "yearN": 1865,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "electricity, magnetism, and light as separate phenomena",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/maxwells-equations-unified-electromagnetism"
    },
    {
      "id": "maxwells-demon-information-and-thermodynamics",
      "name": "Maxwell's demon / information and thermodynamics",
      "year": "1873 AD",
      "yearN": 1873,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "thermodynamics as independent of information theory",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/maxwells-demon-information-and-thermodynamics"
    },
    {
      "id": "abo-blood-typing-transfusion-medicine",
      "name": "ABO blood typing / transfusion medicine",
      "year": "1900 AD",
      "yearN": 1900,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "blood transfusion as unpredictably fatal due to unknown compatibility",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/abo-blood-typing-transfusion-medicine"
    },
    {
      "id": "korean-war-limited-war-doctrine",
      "name": "Korean War / limited war doctrine",
      "year": "1950 AD",
      "yearN": 1950,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "war",
      "constraint": "victory as the only acceptable outcome of great-power military engagement",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/korean-war-limited-war-doctrine"
    },
    {
      "id": "synthetic-organic-chemistry-total-synthesis",
      "name": "Synthetic organic chemistry / total synthesis",
      "year": "1970 AD",
      "yearN": 1970,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "complex natural molecules as obtainable only by extraction from biological sources",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/synthetic-organic-chemistry-total-synthesis"
    },
    {
      "id": "punctuated-equilibrium-gould-eldredge",
      "name": "Punctuated equilibrium (Gould/Eldredge)",
      "year": "1972 AD",
      "yearN": 1972,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "evolution as proceeding by uniformly gradual change",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/punctuated-equilibrium-gould-eldredge"
    },
    {
      "id": "foucaults-discipline-and-punish-power-knowledge",
      "name": "Foucault's Discipline and Punish / power-knowledge",
      "year": "1975 AD",
      "yearN": 1975,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "power as primarily coercive and authority as primarily legitimate",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/foucaults-discipline-and-punish-power-knowledge"
    },
    {
      "id": "temple-as-economic-institution-mesopotamia",
      "name": "Temple as economic institution (Mesopotamia)",
      "year": "3,000 BC",
      "yearN": -3000,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "religion",
      "constraint": "redistribution requiring a secular central authority",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/temple-as-economic-institution-mesopotamia"
    },
    {
      "id": "afterlife-theology-egyptian-book-of-the-dead-precursor",
      "name": "Afterlife theology (Egyptian Book of the Dead precursor)",
      "year": "2,500 BC",
      "yearN": -2500,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "religion",
      "constraint": "death as simply the end of the person",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/afterlife-theology-egyptian-book-of-the-dead-precursor"
    },
    {
      "id": "code-of-hammurabi",
      "name": "Code of Hammurabi",
      "year": "1,750 BC",
      "yearN": -1750,
      "zone": "first-civilizations",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "justice as personal and arbitrary",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/code-of-hammurabi"
    },
    {
      "id": "twelve-tables-romes-first-written-law",
      "name": "Twelve Tables / Rome's first written law",
      "year": "450 BC",
      "yearN": -450,
      "zone": "axial-age",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "Roman law as oral, customary, and known only to patricians",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/twelve-tables-romes-first-written-law"
    },
    {
      "id": "aquinas-five-ways-proving-gods-existence",
      "name": "Aquinas' five ways / proving God's existence",
      "year": "1265 AD",
      "yearN": 1265,
      "zone": "post-classical",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "God's existence as demonstrable only by faith or revelation",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/aquinas-five-ways-proving-gods-existence"
    },
    {
      "id": "newtons-principia-universal-gravitation",
      "name": "Newton's Principia / universal gravitation",
      "year": "1687 AD",
      "yearN": 1687,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "earthly and celestial physics as separate domains",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/newtons-principia-universal-gravitation"
    },
    {
      "id": "celsius-temperature-scale",
      "name": "Celsius temperature scale",
      "year": "1742 AD",
      "yearN": 1742,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "temperature measurement as using arbitrarily defined local reference points",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/celsius-temperature-scale"
    },
    {
      "id": "abolition-of-the-slave-trade-britain",
      "name": "Abolition of the slave trade (Britain)",
      "year": "1807 AD",
      "yearN": 1807,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "the legal personhood of humans as purchasable",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/abolition-of-the-slave-trade-britain"
    },
    {
      "id": "ada-lovelace-first-algorithm",
      "name": "Ada Lovelace / first algorithm",
      "year": "1843 AD",
      "yearN": 1843,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "computation as purely numerical — not capable of manipulating symbols",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/ada-lovelace-first-algorithm"
    },
    {
      "id": "sulfonamides-first-synthetic-antibiotics",
      "name": "Sulfonamides / first synthetic antibiotics",
      "year": "1937 AD",
      "yearN": 1937,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "medicine",
      "constraint": "bacterial infection as untreatable before penicillin",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/sulfonamides-first-synthetic-antibiotics"
    },
    {
      "id": "d-day-amphibious-doctrine",
      "name": "D-Day amphibious doctrine",
      "year": "1944 AD",
      "yearN": 1944,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "war",
      "constraint": "seaborne landings on defended beaches as prohibitively costly",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/d-day-amphibious-doctrine"
    },
    {
      "id": "dna-as-the-genetic-material-avery-et-al",
      "name": "DNA as the genetic material (Avery et al.)",
      "year": "1944 AD",
      "yearN": 1944,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "protein as the presumed carrier of genetic information",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/dna-as-the-genetic-material-avery-et-al"
    },
    {
      "id": "black-scholes-financial-derivatives-explosion",
      "name": "Black-Scholes / financial derivatives explosion",
      "year": "1973 AD",
      "yearN": 1973,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "options pricing as requiring dealer intuition rather than mathematical formula",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/black-scholes-financial-derivatives-explosion"
    },
    {
      "id": "mosaic-browser",
      "name": "Mosaic browser",
      "year": "1993 AD",
      "yearN": 1993,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "the internet as text-only and technical",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/mosaic-browser"
    },
    {
      "id": "napster-peer-to-peer-file-sharing",
      "name": "Napster / peer-to-peer file sharing",
      "year": "1999 AD",
      "yearN": 1999,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "digital content distribution requiring server infrastructure",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/napster-peer-to-peer-file-sharing"
    },
    {
      "id": "pfizer-moderna-mrna-vaccines-covid-19",
      "name": "Pfizer/Moderna mRNA vaccines (COVID-19)",
      "year": "2020 AD",
      "yearN": 2020,
      "zone": "ai-era",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "vaccine development as requiring years of biological manufacturing optimization",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/pfizer-moderna-mrna-vaccines-covid-19"
    },
    {
      "id": "olympic-games-pan-hellenic-identity",
      "name": "Olympic Games / pan-Hellenic identity",
      "year": "776 BC",
      "yearN": -776,
      "zone": "axial-age",
      "domain": "society",
      "constraint": "Greek political identity as purely city-state-local",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/olympic-games-pan-hellenic-identity"
    },
    {
      "id": "resurrection-theology-christianity",
      "name": "Resurrection theology (Christianity)",
      "year": "30 AD",
      "yearN": 30,
      "zone": "classical-empires",
      "domain": "religion",
      "constraint": "death as the permanent defeat of the individual",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/resurrection-theology-christianity"
    },
    {
      "id": "french-revolution-dechristianization",
      "name": "French Revolution / dechristianization",
      "year": "1793 AD",
      "yearN": 1793,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "religion",
      "constraint": "Christianity as Europe's default civic religion",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/french-revolution-dechristianization"
    },
    {
      "id": "maxim-gun-machine-gun",
      "name": "Maxim gun / machine gun",
      "year": "1884 AD",
      "yearN": 1884,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "war",
      "constraint": "automatic fire requiring multiple shooters",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/maxim-gun-machine-gun"
    },
    {
      "id": "modigliani-miller-theorem-capital-structure-irrelevance",
      "name": "Modigliani-Miller theorem / capital structure irrelevance",
      "year": "1958 AD",
      "yearN": 1958,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "corporate capital structure (debt vs. equity mix) as a key value driver",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/modigliani-miller-theorem-capital-structure-irrelevance"
    },
    {
      "id": "polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-widespread-use",
      "name": "Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) widespread use",
      "year": "1988 AD",
      "yearN": 1988,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "DNA analysis requiring large amounts of starting material",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-widespread-use"
    },
    {
      "id": "brca1-2-genes-identified-breast-cancer-genetics",
      "name": "BRCA1/2 genes identified (breast cancer genetics)",
      "year": "1994 AD",
      "yearN": 1994,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "cancer predisposition as unpredictable and un-preventable",
      "parents": 7,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/brca1-2-genes-identified-breast-cancer-genetics"
    },
    {
      "id": "greek-tragedy-public-emotional-catharsis",
      "name": "Greek tragedy / public emotional catharsis",
      "year": "470 BC",
      "yearN": -470,
      "zone": "axial-age",
      "domain": "art",
      "constraint": "suffering as private and shameful rather than publicly shareable",
      "parents": 9,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/greek-tragedy-public-emotional-catharsis"
    },
    {
      "id": "phineas-gage-first-personality-neuroscience",
      "name": "Phineas Gage / first personality neuroscience",
      "year": "1848 AD",
      "yearN": 1848,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "mind",
      "constraint": "character as independent of brain physiology",
      "parents": 9,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/phineas-gage-first-personality-neuroscience"
    },
    {
      "id": "international-humanitarian-law-lieber-code",
      "name": "International humanitarian law (Lieber Code)",
      "year": "1863 AD",
      "yearN": 1863,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "treatment of prisoners and civilians in war as entirely discretionary",
      "parents": 9,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/international-humanitarian-law-lieber-code"
    },
    {
      "id": "cuban-missile-crisis-nuclear-diplomacy",
      "name": "Cuban Missile Crisis / nuclear diplomacy",
      "year": "1962 AD",
      "yearN": 1962,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "society",
      "constraint": "great power confrontation as inevitably escalatory",
      "parents": 9,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/cuban-missile-crisis-nuclear-diplomacy"
    },
    {
      "id": "flavr-savr-tomato-first-gm-food-approved",
      "name": "Flavr Savr tomato / first GM food approved",
      "year": "1994 AD",
      "yearN": 1994,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "agriculture",
      "constraint": "crop traits as bounded by sexual compatibility between species",
      "parents": 9,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/flavr-savr-tomato-first-gm-food-approved"
    },
    {
      "id": "united-nations-international-law",
      "name": "United Nations / international law",
      "year": "1945 AD",
      "yearN": 1945,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "international relations as purely transactional between sovereign states",
      "parents": 11,
      "children": 2,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/united-nations-international-law"
    },
    {
      "id": "nuremberg-trials-individual-responsibility-in-international-law",
      "name": "Nuremberg trials / individual responsibility in international law",
      "year": "1945 AD",
      "yearN": 1945,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "society",
      "constraint": "state officials as immune from personal criminal liability for wartime actions",
      "parents": 13,
      "children": 1,
      "connectedness": 15,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/nuremberg-trials-individual-responsibility-in-international-law"
    },
    {
      "id": "confucianism",
      "name": "Confucianism",
      "year": "551 BC",
      "yearN": -551,
      "zone": "axial-age",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "social order requiring divine mandate or force",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 14,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/confucianism"
    },
    {
      "id": "cogito-ergo-sum-descartes",
      "name": "Cogito ergo sum (Descartes)",
      "year": "1637 AD",
      "yearN": 1637,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "certainty requiring sensory confirmation",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 14,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/cogito-ergo-sum-descartes"
    },
    {
      "id": "r-mer-measures-speed-of-light",
      "name": "Rømer measures speed of light",
      "year": "1676 AD",
      "yearN": 1676,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "light as instantaneously propagating",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 14,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/r-mer-measures-speed-of-light"
    },
    {
      "id": "johnsons-dictionary-lexicography-standardized",
      "name": "Johnson's Dictionary / lexicography standardized",
      "year": "1755 AD",
      "yearN": 1755,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "language",
      "constraint": "English vocabulary as undefined, inconsistently spelled, and authority-less",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 14,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/johnsons-dictionary-lexicography-standardized"
    },
    {
      "id": "kants-groundwork-categorical-imperative",
      "name": "Kant's Groundwork / categorical imperative",
      "year": "1785 AD",
      "yearN": 1785,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "moral philosophy as based on consequences or divine command",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 14,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/kants-groundwork-categorical-imperative"
    },
    {
      "id": "electromagnetism-unified-faraday-oersted",
      "name": "Electromagnetism unified (Faraday/Oersted)",
      "year": "1820 AD",
      "yearN": 1820,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "electricity and magnetism as independent phenomena",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 14,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/electromagnetism-unified-faraday-oersted"
    },
    {
      "id": "set-theory-cantor",
      "name": "Set theory (Cantor)",
      "year": "1874 AD",
      "yearN": 1874,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "philosophy",
      "constraint": "infinity as a single undifferentiated concept",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 14,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/set-theory-cantor"
    },
    {
      "id": "germ-theory-extended-to-immune-response-metchnikoff",
      "name": "Germ theory extended to immune response (Metchnikoff)",
      "year": "1882 AD",
      "yearN": 1882,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "immune defense as chemical and passive",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 6,
      "connectedness": 14,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/germ-theory-extended-to-immune-response-metchnikoff"
    },
    {
      "id": "penicillin-fleming",
      "name": "Penicillin (Fleming)",
      "year": "1928 AD",
      "yearN": 1928,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "medicine",
      "constraint": "bacterial infection as often fatal",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 13,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/penicillin-fleming"
    },
    {
      "id": "mosaic-browser-internet-as-publishing-medium",
      "name": "Mosaic browser / internet as publishing medium",
      "year": "1993 AD",
      "yearN": 1993,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "art",
      "constraint": "publishing as requiring physical infrastructure (presses, distribution)",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 5,
      "connectedness": 13,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/mosaic-browser-internet-as-publishing-medium"
    },
    {
      "id": "haber-bosch-nitrogen-fixation",
      "name": "Haber-Bosch nitrogen fixation",
      "year": "1909 AD",
      "yearN": 1909,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "agriculture",
      "constraint": "nitrogen fertilizer requiring biological sources",
      "parents": 5,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 13,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/haber-bosch-nitrogen-fixation"
    },
    {
      "id": "the-pill-oral-contraceptive",
      "name": "The Pill (oral contraceptive)",
      "year": "1960 AD",
      "yearN": 1960,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "medicine",
      "constraint": "female reproductive autonomy requiring male cooperation",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 12,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/the-pill-oral-contraceptive"
    },
    {
      "id": "athenian-democracy",
      "name": "Athenian democracy",
      "year": "500 BC",
      "yearN": -500,
      "zone": "axial-age",
      "domain": "law",
      "constraint": "legitimate political authority requiring hereditary or divine origin",
      "parents": 6,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 12,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/athenian-democracy"
    },
    {
      "id": "vaccination-jenner",
      "name": "Vaccination (Jenner)",
      "year": "1796 AD",
      "yearN": 1796,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "medicine",
      "constraint": "immunity requiring natural infection",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 11,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/vaccination-jenner"
    },
    {
      "id": "general-relativity-einstein",
      "name": "General relativity (Einstein)",
      "year": "1915 AD",
      "yearN": 1915,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "physics",
      "constraint": "gravity as a force acting across empty space",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 11,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/general-relativity-einstein"
    },
    {
      "id": "transistor-bell-labs-shockley-bardeen-brattain",
      "name": "Transistor (Bell Labs, Shockley/Bardeen/Brattain)",
      "year": "1948 AD",
      "yearN": 1948,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "electronic switching requiring fragile, hot, power-hungry vacuum tubes",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 11,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/transistor-bell-labs-shockley-bardeen-brattain"
    },
    {
      "id": "dna-double-helix-watson-crick-franklin",
      "name": "DNA double helix (Watson/Crick/Franklin)",
      "year": "1953 AD",
      "yearN": 1953,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "heredity as a process without a physical substrate",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 11,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/dna-double-helix-watson-crick-franklin"
    },
    {
      "id": "pacioli-double-entry-bookkeeping",
      "name": "Double-entry bookkeeping (Pacioli)",
      "year": "1494 AD",
      "yearN": 1494,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "merchant profit visible only at year-end and only as a guess",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 10,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/pacioli-double-entry-bookkeeping"
    },
    {
      "id": "steam-engine-watts-rotary-motion",
      "name": "Steam engine (Watt's rotary motion)",
      "year": "1783 AD",
      "yearN": 1783,
      "zone": "industrial",
      "domain": "economics",
      "constraint": "mechanical power limited to water, wind, and muscle",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 4,
      "connectedness": 10,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/steam-engine-watts-rotary-motion"
    },
    {
      "id": "wheat-domestication",
      "name": "Wheat domestication",
      "year": "10,000 BC",
      "yearN": -10000,
      "zone": "settled-world",
      "domain": "agriculture",
      "constraint": "food supply as contingent on movement",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 10,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/wheat-domestication"
    },
    {
      "id": "chatgpt-rlhf-alignment",
      "name": "ChatGPT / RLHF alignment",
      "year": "2022 AD",
      "yearN": 2022,
      "zone": "ai-era",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "powerful language models as too unpredictable for mass deployment",
      "parents": 4,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 10,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/chatgpt-rlhf-alignment"
    },
    {
      "id": "crispr-discovery-doudna-charpentier",
      "name": "CRISPR discovery (Doudna/Charpentier)",
      "year": "2003 AD",
      "yearN": 2003,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "biology",
      "constraint": "gene editing as expensive and imprecise",
      "parents": 3,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 9,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/crispr-discovery-doudna-charpentier"
    },
    {
      "id": "magna-carta-rule-of-law-over-divine-right",
      "name": "Magna Carta / rule of law over divine right",
      "year": "1215 AD",
      "yearN": 1215,
      "zone": "post-classical",
      "domain": "religion",
      "constraint": "monarch's claim to rule by divine right as unchallenged",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 8,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/magna-carta-rule-of-law-over-divine-right"
    },
    {
      "id": "public-key-cryptography-diffie-hellman",
      "name": "Public-key cryptography (Diffie-Hellman)",
      "year": "1976 AD",
      "yearN": 1976,
      "zone": "space-digital",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "secure communication requiring prior exchange of secret keys",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 8,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/public-key-cryptography-diffie-hellman"
    },
    {
      "id": "iphone-touchscreen-computing",
      "name": "iPhone / touchscreen computing",
      "year": "2007 AD",
      "yearN": 2007,
      "zone": "network-age",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "computing requiring keyboard and mouse",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 3,
      "connectedness": 8,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/iphone-touchscreen-computing"
    },
    {
      "id": "printing-press",
      "name": "Gutenberg's movable-type printing press",
      "year": "1440 AD",
      "yearN": 1440,
      "zone": "early-modern",
      "domain": "computing",
      "constraint": "before, producing a book required hand-copying or slow hand-printing, limiting output to a few pages per day",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 2,
      "connectedness": 6,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/printing-press"
    },
    {
      "id": "transistor-invention",
      "name": "Transistor invented at Bell Labs",
      "year": "1947 AD",
      "yearN": 1947,
      "zone": "electric-age",
      "domain": "mind",
      "constraint": "vacuum tubes limited miniaturization, reliability, and power efficiency in electronics",
      "parents": 2,
      "children": 2,
      "connectedness": 6,
      "url": "https://ticks.iamkesava.com/#/walk/transistor-invention"
    }
  ]
}